The Calvin cycle (or light-independent reactions) is the second stage of photosynthesis, occurring in the chloroplast's stroma, where plants use the energy (ATP and NADPH) from the light reactions to convert atmospheric carbon dioxide (\(CO_{2}\)) into glucose and other organic sugars for food. This cyclic process involves three main steps: carbon fixation (attaching \(CO_{2}\) to RuBP), reduction (using ATP/NADPH to form sugar precursors like G3P), and regeneration (reforming RuBP to continue the cycle