Okay. Firstly, the basics of punctuation.
Commas:
Commas are used to separate adjectives (a word that describes a noun). Separating adjectives with commas means that you have an expanded noun phrase. You can only have 2 or 3 adjectives in an expanded noun phrase. But remember this: don't put commas at the end of sentences!
Full stops:
Full stops are used to close a sentence or statement.
Colons and semi-colons:
Semi colons go instead of the words "and", " but" and "or" while colons go instead of the word "because".
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Colons follow independent clauses (clauses that could stand alone as sentences) and can be used to present an explanation, draw attention to something, or join ideas together.
An example of a descriptive sentence using a colon:
There was only one terrible option for the vile monster: get horrid revenge on his heartless creator.
An example of a colon being used to introduce a list:
Victor quickly grabbed the items he needed: a long, twisty rope to climb high places; a small, but deadly pocket knife incase the vile monster threatened to attack; a tiny bottle containing vicious poison to pour into what the horrid creature would eat.
These sentences are based off the story Frankenstein by Mary Shelley
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In addition, semicolons can also be used to join two related independent clauses in place of a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet).
For example:
I needed to go for a walk and get some fresh air; also, I needed to buy milk.